April 6, 2023 schor glen

What is a Catalytic Converter and How Does it Work?

A catalytic converter is an emissions control device installed in a vehicle's exhaust system. Its purpose is to convert harmful pollutants produced during combustion into less harmful substances before they are released into the environment. This blog will cover what a catalytic converter is, how it works, its benefits, and maintenance and replacement.

What is a Catalytic Converter?

A catalytic converter is made up of a metal or ceramic housing with a honeycomb-like structure inside that contains a catalyst. The catalyst initiates chemical reactions that convert harmful gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons into less harmful substances like water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen.

There are three types of catalytic converters: two-way, three-way, and diesel oxidation.

Two-way catalytic converters are used in older vehicles and only reduce carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions.

Three-way catalytic converters, commonly used in modern vehicles, also reduce nitrogen oxide emissions.
Diesel oxidation catalytic converters are designed specifically for diesel engines and reduce particulate matter and hydrocarbon emissions.

EXHAUST PIPES with catalytic converters Close-up

Does My Car Have a Catalytic Converter? Do I Need One?

If your vehicle was manufactured after 1975, it most likely has a catalytic converter. Since every car on the road emits hazardous pollutants such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides, the concurrent presence of millions of these cars can lead to severe air pollution and smog. As a result, exhaust emissions may cause respiratory issues, environmental pollution, and poor air quality.
To address these issues, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) strengthened emission control regulations in the mid-1970s, making the catalytic converter a mandatory component on all vehicles since its invention in 1975.

Where is the Catalytic Converter Located?

The catalytic converter is located beneath the vehicle, specifically in the exhaust system between the exhaust manifold and the muffler.

The materials used in catalytic converters

The materials used in catalytic converters include platinum, palladium, and rhodium, which are all precious metals. These metals act as catalysts and facilitate the chemical reactions that occur within the converter.

How Does a Catalytic Converter Work?

A catalytic converter works through a series of chemical reactions as exhaust gases pass through the honeycomb structure containing the precious metals. The first reaction is the oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). The second reaction is the reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) into nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2).
The precious metals initiate these reactions in the catalyst, which acts as a surface for the reactions. The catalyst can speed up the rate of the reactions, allowing them to occur at a lower temperature than they would otherwise.
Factors that can affect the efficiency of a catalytic converter include the engine's air/fuel ratio, the quality of fuel used, and the condition of the converter itself. If any of these factors are not optimal, the converter may not be able to reduce emissions effectively.

Maintenance and Replacement of Catalytic Converter

Converters Signs of a failing catalytic converter include reduced engine performance, increased emissions, and rattling noises from the converter. Regular maintenance, such as keeping the engine properly tuned and using high-quality fuel, can help prolong the life of the converter.
If a catalytic converter does need to be replaced, the cost can vary depending on the type of converter and the vehicle. The replacement process typically involves removing the old converter and installing a new one in its place.

Conclusion

Undeniably, among all the components of an automobile, the catalytic converter stands out as one of the most vital for various reasons. Primarily, it diminishes the concentration of airborne pollutants that threaten human health and environmental safety, transforming up to 90% of hazardous emissions into less dangerous gases. Consequently, a well-maintained catalytic converter enhances the efficiency of the vehicle, exerting a direct influence on its overall performance and health. Your mechanic can assist you in determining if and when you should consider replacing your catalytic converter. Although vehicle repairs can be costly, they do not always have to impede your progress. The Synchrony Car Care? credit card is an option that can help you finance all significant automotive expenses-whether planned or unplanned-for your car, truck, or RV. Learn more about this option here.